Recent Advances in Understanding and Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a significant global health challenge characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegeneration. Refinements in the amyloid and tau hypotheses have deepened insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD, while research on neuroinflammation and genetic factors, including APOE ε4, has expanded our understanding of the disease's complexity. Diagnostic advancements include cerebrospinal fluid and blood-based biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques like PET and MRI, and innovative neuropsychological assessments, enabling earlier and more accurate detection. Therapeutically, notable progress has been made with disease-modifying treatments targeting amyloid and tau proteins, including the recent approval of aducanumab. Symptomatic treatments continue to evolve, providing better management of cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Additionally, lifestyle interventions, such as diet, exercise, and cognitive training, show promise in slowing disease progression. Emerging research in gene therapy and stem cell applications offers potential for future breakthroughs in AD treatment. Despite these advances, challenges persist, including the heterogeneity of AD, difficulties in clinical trial design and patient recruitment, and ethical considerations related to early diagnosis and treatment access. This review underscores the necessity of ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration to develop more effective management strategies and ultimately achieve a cure for Alzheimer’s disease. Continued efforts in these areas are crucial for transforming the landscape of AD diagnosis and treatment, offering hope for patients and their families.