1. Model Kim et al. experiment 7-0.5 Mansour and Morel k ~ 5.2 Pollard k ~ 5.88 Rodi et al. k ~ 5.8 Launder et al. ASM 6.9 Abdelmeguid et al. k ~ 6 Demirdzic et al. modified k ~ 6.2 Donaldson et al. RSM 6.1 Ilegbusi and Spalding modified k ~ 7.2 Nallasamy and Chen k ~ 5.8 Syed et al. k ~ 5.8 Ilinca et al. k ~ 6.2
2. We have advocated adaptive grid techniques as anefficienttoolforVerificationandValidation. This methodology has proven its ability to produce high quality and very accurate solutions to a wide variety of problems: laminar isothermal flows,8,9turbulent incompressible flows,10-12compressible flows,13laminar heat transfer,14,15including conjugate and compressibility effects.16,17Applications to turbulent heat transfer may be found in.18-21The same approach was extended to fluid structure interaction, and sensitivity analysis of complex flows, from laminar22to turbulent.23,24
3. We follow accepted definitions7,25-27of Verification as solving the equations right, and of Validation as solving the right equations. In other words Verification is about numerical errors and Validation about conceptual modeling errors. For example using an incompressible flow solver to analyze dynamic stall of helicopter rotor blades is bound to fail since it entails compressibility effects at surprisingly low freestream Mach number. In this case, the lack of agreement with data is not a code problem. It is a modeling problem: the user chose the wrong model for his flow. Questions of numerical accuracy are at the heart of the Verification process. Thus, both the code and individual simulations must be verified. However, Verification of a code involves error evaluation from a known solution, whereas Verification of a calculation involves error banding to ensure that problem specification does not prevent the code from delivering the expected accuracy.7The key question in Validation is centered on the suitability of the mathematical model to accurately represent the physical process of interest. Predictions are compared to experiments to determine to what degree of accuracy the model represents reality. Any Validation exercise looses its significance and credibility if prior Verifications (of code and calculations) are not performed. For structured meshes, Roache recommends systematic grid refinement and Richardson extrapolation to perform Verification. Adaptive remeshing is cost-effective alternative that automates the tedious process of manual generation of finer meshes.
4. ~0:76 1e-05 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1