1. j j conf ave t
2. ,j conf t is the nondimensional confinement time for each individual particle. The dimensional confinement length can be determined by multiplying the nondimensional confinement length by the discharge chamber diameter.
3. Arakawa, Y. and Hirakawa, M. "Plasma particle simulation in cusped ion thrusters," International Electrical Propulsion Conference paper IEPC-93-242, 1993.