1. Guidance Law Proportional navigation (PN) is extensively used in the tactical missile world as an interceptor guidance law because it is easy to implement and is very effective. Theoretically, PN guidance commandsacceleration perpendicular to the instantaneous LOS proportionalto the productof the LOS rate and the closing velocity. In tacticalradar homing missiles using PN guidance, the seeker provides an effective measurementof LOS rate, and a Doppler radar provides closing velocityinformation. Itis widelyknown thatPN guidance law produces optimalperformance againsta non-maneuvering target[60]. However, in the case of a highlymaneuvering target, the performance of the PN guidance law is much worse [61-65]. The price paid for more advanced guidance laws is thatmore information is required for their successfulimplementation. However these advanced guidance laws relax the interceptor acceleration requirements andyield smaller miss distances. Thus anaugmented proportional navigation (APN) guidance law is implemented to accountfor the randomlymaneuvering targets [66]:
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