Optimization of NH4NO3 in Phaseolus vulgaris with Bacillus thuringiensis and Micromonospora echinospora plus crude extract of carbon nanoparticles

Abstract

Nitrogenous fertilizer (NF) such as NH4NO3 is required to maintain the healthy growth of Phaseolus vulgaris, but when NF is applied indiscriminately, it causes hyperfertilization of the soil. One option is to reduce NH4NO3 and then optimize in P. vulgaris seed with s Bacillus thuringiensis and Micromonospora echinospora genus and species of endophytic bacteria plus a crude carbon nanoparticle extract (CENC). Under greenhouse conditions, P. vulgaris seeds were inoculated with B. thuringiensis and M. echinospora, then applied a CENC and fed at 50% NH4NO3, the response variables were germination and seedling phenology/biomass. All numerical data of the experimental were validated by ANOVA/Tukey (p < 0.05). The results showed a healthy growth of P. vulgaris with B. thuringiensis and M. echinospora at 50% NH4NO3 plus 20 ppm of CENC according to the percentage of germination, phenology and seedling biomass, including all numerical values have a statistical difference compared to those registered in P. vulgaris without B. thuringiensis and M. echinospora, at 100% NH4NO3, neither CENC nor relative control (CR). The positive effect of B. thuringiensis and M. echinospora on P. vulgaris at 50% NH4NO3 was enhanced by CENC to maximize the optimization of NF without loss of soil fertility or risk of environmental contamination.