The novel role of Kallistatin in linking metabolic syndromes and cognitive memory deterioration by inducing amyloid-β plaques accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation

Abstract

Accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in the hippocampus triggers cognitive memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The incidence and mortality of sporadic AD were tightly associated with diabetes and hyperlipidemia, while the exact linked molecular is uncertain. Here, we reported that serum Kallistatin concentrations were meaningfully higher in AD patients, with a higher concentration of fasting blood glucose and triglyceride. In addition, the constructed Kallistatin-transgenic (KAL-TG) mice defined its cognitive memory impairment phenotype and lower LTP in hippocampal CA1 neurons accompanied by increased Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation. Mechanistically, Kallistatin could directly bind to the Notch1 receptor and thereby upregulate BACE1 expression by inhibiting PPARγ signaling, resulting in Aβ cleavage and production. Besides, Kallistatin could promote the phosphorylation of tau by activating GSK-3β. Fenofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug, could alleviate cognitive memory impairment by down-regulating Aβ and tau phosphorylation of KAL-TG mice. Collectively, our data clarified a novel mechanism for Aβ accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation regulation by Kallistatin, which might play a crucial role in linking metabolic syndromes and cognitive memory deterioration, and suggested that fenofibrate might have the potential for treating metabolism-related AD.