Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa

Author:

Berger Lee R12,Hawks John13,de Ruiter Darryl J14,Churchill Steven E15,Schmid Peter16,Delezene Lucas K17,Kivell Tracy L189,Garvin Heather M110,Williams Scott A11112,DeSilva Jeremy M113,Skinner Matthew M189,Musiba Charles M114,Cameron Noel115,Holliday Trenton W116,Harcourt-Smith William11718,Ackermann Rebecca R19,Bastir Markus120,Bogin Barry115,Bolter Debra121,Brophy Juliet122,Cofran Zachary D123,Congdon Kimberly A124,Deane Andrew S125,Dembo Mana126,Drapeau Michelle27,Elliott Marina C126,Feuerriegel Elen M128,Garcia-Martinez Daniel12029,Green David J130,Gurtov Alia13,Irish Joel D131,Kruger Ashley1,Laird Myra F11112,Marchi Damiano132,Meyer Marc R133,Nalla Shahed134,Negash Enquye W135,Orr Caley M136,Radovcic Davorka137,Schroeder Lauren119,Scott Jill E138,Throckmorton Zachary139,Tocheri Matthew W4041,VanSickle Caroline1342,Walker Christopher S15,Wei Pianpian143,Zipfel Bernhard1

Affiliation:

1. Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

2. School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

3. Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States

4. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States

5. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States

6. Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

7. Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States

8. School, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom

9. Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

10. Department of Anthropology/Archaeology and Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst University, Erie, United States

11. Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States

12. New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States

13. Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States

14. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, United States

15. School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom

16. Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States

17. Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, Bronx, United States

18. Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States

19. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa

20. Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain

21. Department of Anthropology, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, United States

22. Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States

23. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

24. Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States

25. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, United States

26. Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

27. Department d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada

28. School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

29. Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Universidad Autònoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

30. Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, United States

31. Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

32. Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

33. Department of Anthropology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, United States

34. Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

35. Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, United States

36. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States

37. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia

38. Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States

39. Department of Anatomy, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, United States

40. Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, United States

41. Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada

42. Department of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States

43. Department of Paleoanthropology, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China

Abstract

Homo naledi is a previously-unknown species of extinct hominin discovered within the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star cave system, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. This species is characterized by body mass and stature similar to small-bodied human populations but a small endocranial volume similar to australopiths. Cranial morphology of H. naledi is unique, but most similar to early Homo species including Homo erectus, Homo habilis or Homo rudolfensis. While primitive, the dentition is generally small and simple in occlusal morphology. H. naledi has humanlike manipulatory adaptations of the hand and wrist. It also exhibits a humanlike foot and lower limb. These humanlike aspects are contrasted in the postcrania with a more primitive or australopith-like trunk, shoulder, pelvis and proximal femur. Representing at least 15 individuals with most skeletal elements repeated multiple times, this is the largest assemblage of a single species of hominins yet discovered in Africa.

Funder

National Geographic Society

The National Research Foundation of South Africa

The Palaeontological Scientific Trust

Lyda Hill Foundation

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF)

Texas A and M University

Publisher

eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd

Subject

General Immunology and Microbiology,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Medicine,General Neuroscience

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