1. School of Architecture and Design, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
2. International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
3. Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
4. Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
5. Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London, U.K.