Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management of Cataract

Abstract

In order to properly focus light onto the retina for the best image quality, the human lens and cornea must first refract light. The human lens changes physically, biochemically, and morphologically as we age, which causes opacification. Cataract, which is opacity within the clear lens of the eye, is the primary factor in blindness globally. Modification, aggregation and precipitation of crystallins are the main mechanisms underlying cataract development. Most cataracts are caused by age-related degeneration; however, cataract can also develop secondary to trauma or as a consequence of another disease. Cataract rarely occurs in children. Oxidative damage to the eye lens is believed to be a key factor in the beginning and development of cataracts, even if the nosogenesis of cataract is unclear. Different kinds of cataract formation are linked to a number of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion (O2), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl radicals (OH-). Surgery is the only option for treating cataracts. However, the lack of surgical facilities in underdeveloped and developing nations as well as post-operative difficulties drive researchers to discover alternative cataract treatment options. This review article provides details on anatomy and physiology of lens, different cataract types i.e., diabetic, pediatric, age-related cataract as well as the management of cataract including surgical and pharmacological treatments.