Recent Advancement of Nanomedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review

Abstract

Diabetics are more likely to develop diabetes retinopathy (DR), the most significant microvascular complication. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a condition that causes blindness in people aged 20 to 65. After 10 years of diabetes, nearly all type 1 diabetes patients and more than 60% of type 2 diabetes patients are at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a kind of diabetes that results in vision loss and lowers patient quality of life. This study looks at the biochemical and anatomic anomalies that arise in DR in order to better understand and manage the development of new therapy alternatives The benefits of recommended nanomedicines for treating this ocular disease are contrasted to current standard therapy using innovative drug delivery methods based on nanoparticles (e.g., liposomes, dendrimers, cationic nano-emulsions, lipid and polymeric nanoparticles). Nanoparticle-based techniques are being tried to enhance medicine delivery to the posterior portion of the eye, despite the fact that the multidimensional nature of DR remains unknown. On the other hand, certain nanoparticles appear to play a role in the development of DR symptoms. In recent years, nanomedicine has become the most preferred therapeutic choice. Its primary goal is to improve the efficacy and controllability of medications currently in use in the target tissue. Long-acting pharmaceutical compounds with good eye biocompatibility should be created using modern nanotechnology and tissue engineering. As a result, there should be no major local or systemic side effects. Increased treatment efficiency also necessitates changes in molecular sizes and surfaces, as well as specialised retinal cell targeting. The current treatment methods are obtrusive and have a host of undesirable side effects. The use of nanomedicine to enhance pharmaceutical formulations could reduce the number of injections required to treat this illness by extending medication residence time in the eye and improving drug pharmacokinetic properties. Nanocarriers also have the potential to expand the variety of DR treatments by enhancing the efficacy of biologics, particularly proteins and RNA molecules.