Post-transcriptional micro-RNAs in diagnostics and personalization of treatment in patients with thyroid tumors: literary review

Abstract

Among the unsolved problems in the treatment of patients with nodular thyroid pathology, there is a large number of diagnostic operations associated with difficulties in cytological diagnostics of follicular neoplasia, limited by opportunities in preoperative assessment of the malignant potential of thyroid cancer. A decrease in the effectiveness of targeted therapy in patients with radioiodresistant thyroid cancer occurs due to the ability of the tumor to activate parallel proliferative signaling pathways. It is assumed that the key to solving these problems lies in understanding various genetic changes in the tumor cell, such as point mutations, insertions and deletions, gene merges, rearrangements or gene translocations. A special place in this list is occupied by microRNAs. It is a class of small non-coding RNAs, which regulate post-transcriptional gene expression and thereby participate in cell differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis resistance and activation of thyroid cancer metastasis. This review contains information about microRNAs detected in various types of thyroid tumors of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic interest. While some of them have been introduced into routine practice, others are new and require additional research before clinical use.