Exploration of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the microenvironment of bladder cancer based on CXC chemokines

Abstract

<abstract> <sec><title>Background</title><p>Bladder cancer (BLCA) has a high rate of morbidity and mortality, and is considered as one of the most malignant tumors of the urinary system. Tumor cells interact with surrounding interstitial cells, playing a key role in carcinogenesis and progression, which is partly mediated by chemokines. CXC chemokines exert anti-tumor biological roles in the tumor microenvironment and affect patient prognosis. Nevertheless, their expression and prognostic values patients with BLCA remain unclear.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Methods</title><p>We used online tools, including Oncomine, UALCAN, GEPIA, GEO databases, cBioPortal, GeneMANIA, DAVID 6.8, Metascape, TRUST (version 2.0), LinkedOmics, TCGA, and TIMER2.0 to perform the relevant analysis.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Results</title><p>The mRNA levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (<italic>CXCL)1</italic>, <italic>CXCL5</italic>, <italic>CXCL6</italic>, <italic>CXCL7</italic>, <italic>CXCL9</italic>, <italic>CXCL10</italic>, <italic>CXCL11</italic>, <italic>CXCL13</italic>, <italic>CXCL16</italic>, and <italic>CXCL17</italic> were increased significantly increased, and those of <italic>CXCL</italic>2, <italic>CXCL3</italic>, and <italic>CXCL12</italic> were decreased significantly in BLCA tissues as assessed using the Oncomine, TCGA, and GEO databases. GEO showed that high levels of <italic>CXCL1</italic>, <italic>CXCL6</italic>, <italic>CXCL10</italic>, <italic>CXCL1</italic>1, and <italic>CXCL13</italic> mRNA expression are associated significantly with the poor overall survival (all p &lt; 0.05), and similarly, those of <italic>CXCL2</italic> and <italic>CXCL12</italic> in the TCGA database (p &lt; 0.05). The predominant signaling pathways involving the differentially expressed CXC chemokines are cell cycle, chemokine, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Moreover, transcription factors such as Sp1 transcription factor (SP1), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1), and RELA proto-oncogene, NF-KB subunit (RELA) were likely play critical roles in regulating CXC chemokine expression. LYN proto-oncogene, src family tyrosine kinase (LYN) and LCK proto-oncogene, src family tyrosine kinase (LCK) were identified as the key targets of these CXC chemokines. MicroRNAs miR200 and miR30 were identified as the main microRNAs that interact with several CXC chemokines through an miRNA-target network. The expression of these chemokines is closely associated with the infiltration of six categories of immune cells.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>We explored the CXC chemokines superfamily-based biomarkers associated with BLCA prognosis using public databases, and provided possible chemokine targets for patients with BLCA.</p> </sec> </abstract>