Author:
Rafat Khan Farhan, ,Xin Qin,Javed Abdul Rehman,Jalil Zunera,Ahmad Rana Zeeshan, ,
Abstract
<abstract><p>Spam is any form of annoying and unsought digital communication sent in bulk and may contain offensive content feasting viruses and cyber-attacks. The voluminous increase in spam has necessitated developing more reliable and vigorous artificial intelligence-based anti-spam filters. Besides text, an email sometimes contains multimedia content such as audio, video, and images. However, text-centric email spam filtering employing text classification techniques remains today's preferred choice. In this paper, we show that text pre-processing techniques nullify the detection of malicious contents in an obscure communication framework. We use <italic>Spamassassin</italic> corpus with and without text pre-processing and examined it using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms to classify these as ham or spam emails. The proposed DL-based approach consistently outperforms ML models. In the first stage, using pre-processing techniques, the long-short-term memory (LSTM) model achieves the highest results of 93.46% precision, 96.81% recall, and 95% F1-score. In the second stage, without using pre-processing techniques, LSTM achieves the best results of 95.26% precision, 97.18% recall, and 96% F1-score. Results show the supremacy of DL algorithms over the standard ones in filtering spam. However, the effects are unsatisfactory for detecting encrypted communication for both forms of ML algorithms.</p></abstract>
Publisher
American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)
Subject
Applied Mathematics,Computational Mathematics,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences,Modeling and Simulation,General Medicine
Cited by
6 articles.
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