Association of nutrition behavior and food intake with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Author:

Tanveer Moazzam12,Asghar Ejaz2,Tanveer Umar3,Roy Nadeem4,Zeba Asifa5,Al-Mhanna Sameer Badri6,Ma Xiaoran7,Batrakoulis Alexios8

Affiliation:

1. School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China

2. Department of Allied Health Sciences, Health Services Academy, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

3. Department of Mass Communication, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

4. School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

5. Department of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan

6. Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia

7. School of Physical Education, Xi'an Physical Education University, Shaanxi 710064, China

8. Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala 42100, Greece

Abstract

<abstract><sec> <title>Purpose</title> <p>This study aimed to assess the association between nutrition behavior, food intake, being overweight, and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years. Additionally, it sought to examine how these factors influence being overweight and obese within this population.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative multistage cluster sample of 4200 Pakistani school-aged children and adolescents aged 9 to 17 years from 62 schools across seven random districts in Punjab province, Pakistan. Underweight (BMI &lt; 5th percentile), overweight (85th ≤ BMI &lt; 95th percentile), and obese (95th percentile ≤ BMI) were defined using the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) 2000 criteria, and a Chi-square test utilized for comparison. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) assessed any correlations, while a linear regression analysis explored the predictive power of Nutrition Behavior/Food Intake factors (independent variables) on body-weight (dependent variable). A logistic regression analysis estimated the simultaneous influence of multiple factors on the dichotomous outcomes, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The statistical significance level was set at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The study was comprised of 4108 Pakistani school children aged 9 to 17 years (mean age = 13.92 years, 59.3% boys) from 62 schools. Among them, the prevalence of being overweight and obese individuals was 19.4% and 10.7%, respectively. Factors such as skipping breakfast (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.53–3.93, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), consuming vegetables less than once a week (OR 4.12, 95% CI 3.06–5.55, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), consuming soft drinks three or more times a week (OR 4.74, 95% CI 3.73–6.04, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001), and consuming fast food three or more times a week (OR 10.56, 95% CI 8.16–13.67, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of obesity.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>Being overweight and obese pose significant concerns among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan, showing a troubling upward trend. Poor nutrition behaviors, including frequenting fast-food restaurants and low consumption of fruits and vegetables, contribute to these issues. It is imperative to comprehend these risk factors to formulate impactful policies and dietary interventions that target childhood obesity in Pakistan. Identifying vulnerable populations and implementing tailored intervention strategies are essential for public health efforts. While further interventions may be needed to reduce the body mass index (BMI) and manage being overweight and obese, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into addressing these critical health challenges.</p> </sec></abstract>

Publisher

American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS)

Reference49 articles.

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