1. On the links between geography and imperialism, see, D. N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition, Oxford 1992, especially 216, 59, M. Bell, R. Butlin, M. Heffernan (Eds), Geography and Imperialism, 1820–1940, Manchester 1995, especially the editors» introduction, 1, 12, and, on France, M. Heffernan, The spoils of war: the Société de Géographie de Paris and the French empire, 1914–1919, 221, 64
2. See the essays in, A. Godlewska, N. Smith (Eds), Geography and Empire, Oxford 1994, including for France especially, A. Godlewska, Napoleon's geographers, 1797–1815: imperialists and soldiers of modernity, 31, 53, M. Heffernan, The science of empire: the French geographical movement and the forms of French imperialism, 1870–1920, 92, 114; and, O. Soubeyran, Imperialism and colonialism versus disciplinarity in French geography, 244, 64, D. Lejeune, Les sociétés de géographie en France et l»expansion coloniale au XIXe siècle, Paris 1993, a revised and condensed form of, Les sociétés de géographie en France dans le mouvement social et intellectuel du XIXe siècle. Thesis, Université, Paris-X 1987, D. V. Mackay, Colonialism and the French geographical movement, Geographical Review, 33, 1943, 214, 32; for the early period, W. B. Cohen, Imperial mirage: the Western Sudan in French thought and action, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 7, 1974, 417, 45, Idem, The French Encounter with Africans 1530–1880, Bloomington 1980, 161, 78, 264, 5, M. P. Taylor, Nascent expansionism in the Geographical Society of Paris, 1821–1848, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, 6, 1979, 229, 238; for a contrary view on the explorer-scholar dialogue, I. Surun, De l»explorateur au géographe—la société de Géographie et l»Afrique, 1821–54), in D. Lecoq and A. Chambard (Eds), Terre à découvrir, Terres à parcourir, Paris 1996, 259, 81
3. F. Guizot, Mémoires pour servir à l»histoire de mon temps, Vol. 7 Paris 1865, 40, 117, 467, 71, on the Marquesas and Tahiti, Robert, Aldrich, Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion, New York 1996, 94
4. Lejeune, Les Sociétés, 15, 17, 73, 84, on the composition, organization, and growth of the Society, see, A. Fierro, La Société de Géographie 1821–1946, Geneva and Paris 1983
5. R. L. Meek, Social Science and the Ignoble Savage, Cambridge 1976, M. S. Staum, Minerva's Message: Stabilizing the French Revolution, Montreal 1996, 160, 9