1. Good examples of such work are, J. B. Harley, Rereading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82, (1992) 522–542; G. Verdesio, Hacia la descolonización de la mirada geográfica: las prácticas territoriales indı́genas en la ‘prehistoria’ de la ribera norte del Rı́o de la Plata, Revista Iberoamericana, 65, (1999) 59–80.
2. See, for example, B. Mundy, The Mapping of New Spain, (Chicago 1996); W. Mignolo, El mandato y la ofrenda: la Descripción de la Ciudad y Provincia de Tlaxcala, de Diego Muñoz Camargo, y las Relaciones de Indias, Nueva Revista de Filologı́a Hispánica, 35, (1987)451–479; W. Mignalo, The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality and Colonisation, (Michigan 1995). Early colonial maps from Peru are very scarce. See, however, the in-depth analysis of Guaman Poma's, mappamundi, in R. Adorno, Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru, (Austin 1986). A good overview of recent work on colonial cartography within the context of Latin America may be found in R. B. Craib, Cartography and power in the conquest and creation of New Spain, Latin American Research Review, 35, (2000) 7–36.
3. See, for example, J. B. Harley, Maps Knowledge and Power, in D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels (Eds)The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge 1988) 277–312: K. Butzer, From Columbus to Acosta: science, geography, and the New World, Annals of the Association of American Geographers82 (1992) 543–565; J. Rabasa, Inventing America (Norman and London 1993); Mignolo, The Darker Side of the Renaissance; G. Verdesio, Las representaciones territoriales del Uruguay colonial: hacia una hermenéutica pluritópica, Revista de Crı́tica Literaria Latinoamericana23 (1997) 135–161. Some of these studies provide valuable discussions of hybridity in colonial cartography, but they do not take into account the construction of colonial geographical knowledges that fell outside the boundaries of that which the authorities recognised as ‘geography’.
4. E. Said, Orientalism, (London 1978).
5. It is necessary to acknowledge here the substantial body of work on colonial Latin America that has been produced by historical geographers. Prominent themes include studies of environmental and material transformation of the landscape following conquest, demographic change, colonial settlement and urban development, native and Spanish migration; more recently also the critical study of colonial cartographies has enjoyed increasing attention. Recent examples of such work include D. Gade and M. Escobar, Village settlement and the colonial legacy in southern Peru, The Geographical Review, 72, (1982)430–449; D. Robinson (Ed.), Migration in Colonial Spanish America, (Cambridge 1990); J. B. Harley, Rereading the maps of the Columbian encounter, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 82, (1992) 522–535; W. G. Lovell, Demography and Empire: A Guide to the Population History of Spanish Central America, 1500–1821, (Boulder, Colorado 1995); G. H. Endfield and S. L. O'Hara, Degradation, drought and dissent: an environmental history of Colonial Michocoán, West Central Mexico, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89, (1999) 402–419 (1999); A. Sluyter, Colonialism and landscape in the Americas: material/conceptual transformations and continuing consequences, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 91, (2001) 410–428.