1. P. V. Bykov (Ed.), F. I. Tyutchev: Polnoye sobranie sochineny (F. I. Tyutchev: Complete Collection of Works), 7th edition (St. Petersburg 1912), 286. Transliteration follows the system of the American Council of Learned Societies.
2. Ibid 311.
3. Siberia, which constitutes most of today's Russia, or Russian Federation, remains an imperialist holdover (as do the Urals, the Transvolga, and the North Caucasus for that matter). Unlike most of the natives of the Russian Empire's other colonies, Siberia's were overwhelmed numerically and culturally by Great Russian colonists, who were able to more or less replicate the motherland (with the notable exception of its serfdom) east of the Urals.
4. See M. B. Broxup (Ed.), The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Muslim World (New York 1992); H. Ragsdale (Editor and Translator), Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge, 1993); S. Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge, 1994); the four articles constituting the «Imperial Dreams» section of the Russian Review 55 (1994), 331–81; J. P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the World, 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment (New York 1997); and D. R. Brower and E. J. Lazzerini (Eds), Russia's Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington 1997). For earlier studies, see I. J. Lederer (Ed.), Russian Foreign Policy: Essays in Historical Perspective (New Haven 1962); T. Hunczak (Ed.), Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution (New Brunswick, 1974); D. Geyer, Russian Imperialism: The Interaction of Domestic and Foreign Policy 1860–1914, B. Little (Translator) (New Haven 1987); and M. Rywkin (Ed.), Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 (London 1988).
5. A. J. R. Russell-Wood (Ed.), An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450–1800 (Aldershot, 1995–8) 31 vols. Other exclusionary examples include D. K. Fieldhouse, The Colonial Empires: A Comparative Survey from the Eighteenth Century (London 1982); C. Verlinden, The Beginnings of Modern Colonization: Eleven Essays with an Introduction (Ithaca 1970); B. C. Shafer (Ed.), Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion (Minneapolis 1976–85) 10 vols; V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse 1815–1960 (Leicester 1982); M. Ferro, Histoire des colonisations: des conquêtes aux indépendances XIIIe–XXe siècle (Paris 1994); J. H. Parry, Trade and Dominion: The European Overseas Empires in the Eighteenth Century (London 1971); G. Williams, The Expansion of Europe in the Eighteenth Century: Overseas Rivalry Discovery and Exploration (New York 1966); and B. Harlow and M. Carter (Eds), Imperialism and Orientalism: A Reader (Oxford 1999). The new environmental history seems to be more inclusive. See, for example, A. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (Cambridge, 1986) and A. Crosby, Ecological imperialism: the overseas migration of western Europeans as a biological phenomenon, in D. Worster (Ed.), The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History (Cambridge 1988) 103–17. Geographers have been as exclusive as historians. Three recent examples are J. M. Blaut, The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History (New York 1993); A. Godlewska and N. Smith (Eds), Geography and Empire (Oxford 1994); and M. Bell, R. Butlin and M. Heffernan (Eds), Geography and Imperialism 1820–1940 (Manchester 1995). G. Hausladen, Russian Siberia: an integrative approach, Soviet Geography 30 (1989) 231–249) is more comparative. Some of this work has been inspired by Edward W. Said's influential Orientalism (New York 1979), if less so by his broader Culture and Imperialism (New York 1993), both of which are limited to the British, French, and American imperial experience, and the former to the Near East only.