1. The Poor Laws and the distribution of population, c. 1600–1860, with special reference to Lincolnshire;Mills;Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,1959
2. The first Act specified that only those legally entitled to «settle» in a parish (in so far as they were in possession of a settlement certificate) could receive poor relief, while those residing illegally could be removed to their parish of settlement within 40 days if they were likely to become chargeable. See, J. Huzel, The Labourer and the Poor Law, in G. Mingay (Ed.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, Vol VI: 1750–1850, (Cambridge 1989), 758, As time progressed, however, the severity of this piece of legislation was gradually diluted. For a full discussion of the Laws of Settlement see, M. Rose, The English Poor Law, 1780–1930, (Newton Abbott 1976), 25, 43
3. Writing in 1852), Caird, for example, spoke of how this practice legitimised “. driving the labourer out of the parish in which he works, to a more distant village where property being more divided there is not the same combination against poverty”. Quoted in, W. A. Armstrong, Rural Population Growth, Systems of Employment, and Incomes, in G. Mingay (Ed.), op. cit., 663
4. For full details see;Driver;Power and Pauperism: The Workhouse System, 1834–84,1993
5. This new system brought clear financial advantages to «close» parishes which had successfully controlled pauperism. For example, Rose, op. cit., notes that some parishes with no settled paupers contributed nothing to Poor Law Unions.