1. It is not possible to give precise figures for Ukrainian immigration into Canada, Brazil or Argentina as in the early years they were recorded variously as Austrians, Galicians, Ruthenians, Little Russians, or Bukovynians. In Brazil, this situation was exacerbated by the lack of any centralised record keeping by the Federal Government.
2. For a brief comparative overview of Ukrainian pioneer settlement in Canada and Brazil, see, J. C. Lehr, S. Hryniuk, J. Picknicki, A tale of two frontiers: Ukrainian settlement in Canada and Brazil 1891–1914, in B. D. Thraves, A. H. Paul, R. W. Widdis (Eds), The Estevan Papers, (Regina Geographical Studies No. 6: University of Regina, 1997, 130, 47
3. See, for example, J. Eyles, E. Perri, Life history as method: an Italian-Canadian family in an industrial city, Canadian Geographer, 37, 1993, 104, 19, J. C. Lehr, One family's frontier: life history and the process of Ukrainian settlement in the Stuartburn district of southeastern Manitoba, Canadian Geographer, 40, 1996, 98, 108, J. Le Bihan, Enquête sur une familie bretonne emigrée au Canada (1903–1920), Prairie Forum, 22, 1997, 73, 102, The mythology of Brazilian settlement came partly out of the heavy reliance placed on accounts of Ukrainian settlement in Brazil in the emigration pamphlets of Osyp [Yosyf] Oleskiv. Oleskiv visited Canada but not Brazil. He was an enthusiastic advocate of Canada as a destination for Ukrainian immigrants. See, Osyp Oleskiv, Pro Vilni Zemli, (Lviv 1895), O emigratsii, (Lviv 1896)
4. For the rendering of Ukrainian words into English this paper uses the Modified Library of Congress System of Cyrillic Transliteration with the following variants: я-ya, ю-yu, ϵ-ye, ı̈-yi, and й-y when occurring initially. The apostrophe, as a means of indicating palatalization of consonants, has been omitted.