Abstract
The root causes of the Italian decline lie in the distortions of collective action, which enhance the perverse behavior of both the elite and the people. The elites are “packs of wolves” that extract income and wealth to the detriment of society, shaping formal institutions. The people cultivate myriads of small special interests, operating as “swarms of locusts”, by circumventing and emptying formal institutions. The dualism of wolves and locusts derives from the many atavistic national dualisms and strengthens them.
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