Choline deficiency in the body, clinical manifestations and long-term consequences

Abstract

Choline, a substance essential for the existence of any organism, is the basis for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, the two main phospholipids of cell membranes. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system, i.e. part of the autonomic nervous system. It affects smooth muscles, vascular wall tone, heart rate and regulates metabolism as a source of methyl groups. Choline enters the body through food and is partially synthesized endogenously. Choline plays an important role in gene expression, cell membrane signalling, lipid transport and metabolism, and early infant brain development. Choline deficiency increases the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Current scientific evidence suggests a negative effect of choline deficiency on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Choline deficiency is associated with impaired memory, concentration, and cognitive functions. This article deals with the mechanisms of choline influence on the organism and possibility of choline deficiency correction in the organism.