The epistemological impact of Augustin-Jean Fresnel and his wave theory of light in the 19th century

Abstract

Skepticism and critical inquiry play crucial roles in the scientific process, acting as safeguards against the "ad verecundiam" fallacy, where claims are accepted solely based on authority endorsement. This study thoroughly investigates Augustin-Jean Fresnel's challenge to Newton's corpuscular theory with his innovative wave theory of light. Supported by precise measurements and the "Fresnel integrals," Fresnel earned the Paris Academy of Sciences Prize in 1819. Despite staunch opposition from corpuscular theory proponents, his theory's validity was confirmed with Poisson's point paradox, where light waves from two sources interfere to create a bright spot in the center of a shadow, providing compelling evidence for the wave nature of light. This successful resolution of the paradox confirmed the validity of Fresnel's wave theory and contributed significantly to the acceptance of wave optics over the corpuscular theory. This conflict transcended a mere clash of explanatory models in the physics of light, prompting reflections on the nature of light, reality, and epistemological issues. Examining how Fresnel overcame challenges offers lessons on constructing scientific knowledge, emphasizing the importance of avoiding theory acceptance based solely on authority and focusing on empirical evidence and theoretical coherence. The case of Fresnel serves as a valuable example for teaching the history of science and understanding complex scientific evolution. Analyzing how Fresnel navigated challenges and opposition provides valuable insights into the development of scientific knowledge, emphasizing the intricate nature of scientific progress characterized by debates and efforts to gain acceptance. This study on Fresnel's groundbreaking wave theory of light not only illuminates the historical clash between competing scientific paradigms but also aims to contribute to modern science by emphasizing the enduring significance of empirical evidence and theoretical coherence in knowledge construction. Through an insightful exploration of Fresnel's triumph over challenges, we anticipate offering valuable insights that resonate with contemporary scientific methodologies, fostering a deeper understanding of the dynamic evolution of scientific thought.