Finite-Dimensional Stinespring Curves Can Approximate Any Dynamics

Abstract

We generalize a recent result stating that all analytic quantum dynamics can be represented exactly as the reduction of unitary dynamics generated by a time- dependent Hamiltonian. More precisely, we prove that the partial trace over analytic paths of unitaries can approximate any Lipschitz-continuous quantum dynamics arbitrarily well. Equivalently, all such dynamics can be approximated by analytic Kraus operators. We conclude by discussing potential improvements and generalizations of these results, their limitations, and the general challenges one has to overcome when trying to relate dynamics to quantities on the system–environment level.