Possible Effects of Non-Vanishing Particle Sizes in the Early Universe

Abstract

Possible effects of the non-vanishing sizes of particles (atoms, nuclei, nucleons, quarks, and leptons) in the early universe (the temperature T) are discussed in an extended Friedmann model of the universe (the scale a). In particular we point out the following possibilities: (a) if rq>(2NB/π)-1/3a, most of the proposed scenarios for T>103 TeV including the inflationary universe are unrealistic, (b) rq<(2NB/π)-1/3a due to the smallness of rq(≲ 10-27 cm ), (c) rq<(2NB/π)-1/3a due to the smallness of NB in which the baryon number (or quark number) must be generated at T≲03 TeV if rq≳ 10-17 cm (where rq and NB are the effective radius of quarks and the baryon number in the universe, respectively), and (d) for T≳ 103 TeV , the universe was filled not with quark–gluon plasma but with "subquark plasma".