ROTATIONAL BARRIERS AND VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA OF PHENYL KETENE, AZIDE, AND ISOCYANATE

Abstract

Our interest in conjugation effects in substituted phenyl compounds has turned our attention to the highly reactive compounds phenyl ketene, azide, and isocyanate, which due to their reactivity are of utmost importance in organic synthesis. We performed local density functional theory (DFT) calculations using a 6-311G** basis set to calculate the structures and potential functions of the internal rotation. Further for the minimum structures we computed the vibrational infrared and Raman spectra of the three molecules. In order to confirm that DFT works rather well in these systems we performed the geometry optimizations also using ab initio Moeller–Plesset perturbation theory of second order (MP2) in the same basis set. As expected there exist just two minimum structures for each of the molecules which both correspond to planar structures and are identical due to the symmetry of the phenyl ring. The transitions states (TS) of the internal rotations are the perpendicular ones. We expect conjugation to play no major role in these molecules since extensive conjugation effects would imply a large reduction of the aromatic character of the phenyl ring which in turn would greatly destabilize the systems. However, although the rotational barriers appear to be rather small in these systems conjugation must play at least some role in stabilizing the planar ground state. As detailed later, the relative heights of the rotational barriers can all be explained naturally. Experimental vibrational spectra could be obtained only for phenyl isocyanate and azide, but not for the ketene because of the high reactivity of this molecule. Since in the former cases the calculated spectra agree fairly well with the measured ones, we present those of the other molecule as theoretical prediction, which could be useful to detect spectroscopically in a reaction mixture residual reactant. On the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) calculations we present a complete assignment of the vibrational lines to symmetry coordinates, where, for example, ring breathing must show up with rather large intensities in the Raman spectra of the molecules.