Correspondence between quantum communication protocol and quantum game theory

Abstract

In search of a way to securely transfer information, the scientific world uses entanglement with several qubits. However, the experimental feasibility of implementing communication protocols remains unclear. In this work, we indicate a one-to-one correspondence between a quantum dialogue and the quantum Stackelberg duopoly game. If we consider a controller-dependent communication protocol to be a sequential quantum game, the two players, Alice and Bob, can be compared to two firms, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Moreover, the controller Charlie can be assumed to be the arbiter. First mover advantage is a significant feature of the Stackelberg duopoly game, which is explained and proved in the protocol. Further, we propose a controller-independent bidirectional quantum dialogue using four-qubit maximally entangled states. The efficiency of the protocol is determined to be 50%.