A strategy for quantum watermarking against geometric attacks

Abstract

The development of new quantum watermarking is in full swing, and it is crucial to test the robustness of these proposed watermarking schemes. In this paper, different quantum circuits are introduced to realize geometric transformations on quantum images, which serve as a means of simulating geometric attacks on quantum watermark images. Receivers may get distorted images, and the extracted watermark images may also be disrupted. To recover the geometric order of the quantum watermark images, a strategy is proposed to identify the trajectory of qubit alterations. Quantum circuits can be designed accordingly to restore the original order of the watermark images, which receivers could use before the extraction process to mitigate the impact of geometric attacks. Experimental simulations demonstrate how attacks affect the quantum watermark images and the extracted watermark images. Additionally, it illustrates how quantum recovery circuits step by step act on images that have been geometrically attacked. An analysis of the complexity of geometric restoration circuits reveals that quantum circuits exhibit better performance compared to classical circuits.