Fitting of supernovae without dark energy

Abstract

With data from Pantheon, we have at our disposal a sample of more than a 1000 supernovae Ia covering a wide range of redshifts with good precision. Here, we make fits to the corresponding Hubble–Lemaître diagram with various cosmological models, with intergalactic extinction, evolution of the luminosity of supernovae, and redshift components due to partially noncosmological factors. The data are well fitted by the Standard Model to include dark energy, but there is a degeneracy of solutions with several other variables. Therefore, the Hubble–Lemaître diagram of SNe Ia cannot be used alone to infer the existence of the accelerated expansion scenario with dark energy. Within this degeneracy, models that give good fits to the data include the following alternative solutions: Einstein–de Sitter with gray extinction [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Mpc[Formula: see text]; linear Hubble–Lemaître law static Euclidean with gray extinction [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Mpc[Formula: see text]; Static Euclidean with tired light and gray extinction [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Mpc[Formula: see text]; Einstein–de Sitter with absolute magnitude evolution [Formula: see text] mag Gyr[Formula: see text]; Friedmann model with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and partially noncosmological tired-light redshifts/blueshift with attenuation/enhancement [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]Mpc[Formula: see text] (although requiring calibration of [Formula: see text] incompatible with local SNe measurements).