Holographic inflation, primordial black holes and early structure formation

Abstract

Evidence has accumulated that there are SuperMassive Black Holes (SMBHs) in the centers of most galaxies, and that these were formed in the very early universe by some as yet unknown process. In particular, there is evidence [J. Silk, M. C. Begelman, C. Norman, A. Nusser and R. F. G. Wyse, Astrophys. J. Lett. 961 (2024) L39, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad1bf0, arXiv:2401.02482 [astroph. GA]; A. Bogdan et al., Nature Astron. 8 (2024) 126, doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02111-9, arXiv:2305.15458 [astro-ph.GA]; S. Y. Guo, M. Khlopov, X. Liu, L. Wu, Y. Wu and B. Zhu, arXiv:2306.17022 [hep-ph]] that at least some galaxies formed as early as [Formula: see text] years after the big bang host SMBHs. We suggest that the holographic model of inflation, whose dark matter candidates are primordial black holes carrying a discrete gauge charge, which originated as a small subset of the inflationary horizon volumes in the very early universe, can provide the seeds for this early structure formation. Aspects of the model pointed out long ago suggested an early era of structure formation, with structures dominated by dark matter. The additional assumption that the dark matter consists of discretely charged black holes implies black hole dominance of early structures, which seems to be implied by JWST data.