Anisotropic scalar field dark energy with a disformally coupled Yang–Mills field

Abstract

In the context of scalar–tensor theories, the inclusion of new degrees of freedom coupled nonminimally to the gravitational sector might produce some appealing effects on the cosmic expansion history. We investigate this premise by including a canonical SU(2) Yang–Mills field to the total energy budget of the universe coupled to the standard quintessential field by a disformal transformation.From the dynamical system analysis, we study three cases of cosmological interest that span most of the physical phase space of the model: the uncoupled limit, the isotropic and the Abelian cases. New scaling solutions with a nonvanishing gauge field are found in all cases which can be interesting for early cosmological scenarios. Some of these scaling solutions even exhibit anisotropic features. Also, the background evolution of the universe is studied by means of numerical analysis. As an interesting result, the disformal coupling changes the equation of state of the gauge field from radiation to matter at some stages of the evolution of the universe, thereby the gauge field can contribute to some fraction of the total dark matter. We have also quantified the redshift-dependent contribution of the gauge field in the form of dark radiation during the radiation era to the effective number of relativistic species. This depends essentially on the initial conditions and, more importantly, on the disformal coupling function.