A Study of a Prey-Generalist Predator System Considering Hunting Cooperation and Fear Effects Under Interval Uncertainty

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the role of fear and hunting cooperation in a generalist predator–prey system in an imprecise environment. We investigated the positivity and boundedness of the solutions and determined the existence of equilibria and their local stability for the system. We analyzed the transcritical and Hopf bifurcation considering the uncertain parameter as a bifurcation parameter. Based on simulation results, both populations can survive at low to moderate values of imprecise parameters, but the prey population cannot survive at higher values of the imprecise parameter. Additionally, we observe fear, hunting cooperation, and generalist predators with an imprecise concept that illustrates the complex dynamics of the system.