Extra-Articular Base Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx in Adults: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Extra-articular proximal phalanx base fractures are common in adults and can lead to permanent finger stiffness and joint contractures. The purpose of this review is to summarise the evidence for operative and non-operative management of this fracture type. Methods: The MedLine, Embase, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched using the following key terms: ‘proximal phalanx’, ‘base’, ‘fracture’, ‘repair’ and ‘fixation’. A total of 2,889 unique records were extracted. All studies with primary data on the management of extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures in adults were included for initial review. Results: Eleven studies met inclusion criteria with a total of 441 extra-articular proximal phalanx base fractures. Outcomes were determined by final total active range of motion. 182 extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures were treated non-operatively, with excellent or good outcomes attained in 80% of cases. Another 259 extra-articular proximal phalangeal base fractures were treated operatively, including 236 with Kirschner wires (K-wires), 18 with plates, and five with intramedullary screws. Case-level data were available in 186 fractures managed by K-wire fixation, with excellent or good outcomes achieved in 79% of cases. Excellent or good outcomes were achieved in 35% of cases treated by plates, and 80% of five cases treated by intramedullary screw fixation. Three (1.6%) patients managed conservatively required surgery after reduction loss. No patients managed with K-wires required re-operation for reduction loss; tenolysis/capsulotomy was required in 11 (4.5%) cases for stiffness, and pin site infections occurred in eight (3.5%) cases. Complex regional pain syndrome occurred in five cases (28%) of plate fixation. Conclusions: In summary, excellent or good results may be achieved by K-wire pinning or conservative management. Current evidence is limited for plate or intramedullary screw fixation. Prospective trials and outcomes standardisation are needed to improve the evidence base. Level of Evidence: Level III (Therapeutic)