THE “HIGHER” STATUS LANGUAGE DOES NOT ALWAYS WIN: THE FALL OF ENGLISH IN INDIA AND THE RISE OF HINDI

Author:

DE SILVA KUSHANI1,BASHEER ALADEEN2,ANTWI-FORDJOUR KWADWO3,BEAUREGARD MATTHEW A.4,CHAND VINEETA5,PARSHAD RANA D.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Mathematics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA

2. Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

3. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA

4. Department of Mathematics, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA

5. Snoring Orange Studio, 1150 6th Street, Berkeley CA 94710, USA

Abstract

Classical language dynamics explain language shift as a process in which speakers adopt a higher status language in lieu of a lower status language. This is well documented with English having out-competed languages such as Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Mandarin. The 1961–1991 Indian censuses report a sharper increase in Hindi/English Bilinguals compared to Monolingual Hindi speakers, suggesting that English is on the rise in India — and is out-competing Hindi. However, the 1991–2011 data show that Bilingual numbers have saturated, while Monolingual Hindi speakers continue to rise exponentially. To capture this counter-intuitive dynamic, we propose a novel language dynamics model of interaction between Monolingual Hindi speakers and Hindi/English Bilinguals, which captures the Indian census data of the last 50 years with greater accuracy, than other well-known language dynamics models. We thus provide a first example of a lower status language having out competed English, a higher status language.

Publisher

World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt

Subject

Control and Systems Engineering

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