A new COVID-19 variant Kraken: The modeling and analysis of the XBB.1.5 with treatment and immunization control factors

Abstract

Recent SARS-CoV-2 XBB and BQ subvariants exhibit noticeably enhanced resistance to neutralizing antibodies, including in those persons who are vaccinated and have had breakthrough Omicron infection or who have received the bivalent mRNA booster. Nonlinear dynamics is an intriguing technique for explaining the dynamical behaviors of COVID-19 illness. The goal of this study is to create a novel compartment mathematical model that takes into account populations that have received immunizations against new COVID-19 variants, particularly Omicron. The foundational characteristics of the model, including boundedness and positivity of solutions are established. Following that, the reproduction number has been used to illustrate the equilibrium analysis of steady states. The numerical design of the model has been introduced to assess how various control regimes affect COVID-19 dynamics. All control techniques have been found to have a positive effect on COVID-19 reduction.