Global insights into seed dispersal mutualism with cooperative efforts and environmental variability

Author:

Feng Tao1ORCID,Shan Xiquan2,Zhu Zhiwei1

Affiliation:

1. School of Mathematical Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China

2. Technology Department, Weifang Vocational College, Weifang 262737, P. R. China

Abstract

Seed dispersal mutualisms assume a crucial role in sustaining overall ecosystem functionality. This study extends the foundational framework of seed dispersal mutualism by incorporating animal cooperation and environmental variability. Through the integration of stability theory and phase analysis, we investigate the global dynamics of seed dispersal mutualism in deterministic environments. Theoretical findings reveal that the deterministic system exclusively exhibits equilibrium dynamics, ruling out periodic solutions and chaotic phenomena. Notably, in cases of multiple coexisting equilibria, adjacent equilibria display distinct stability properties. Furthermore, employing stochastic analysis and Lyapunov exponents, we ascertain the uniqueness of global positive solutions in the stochastic model, along with stochastic ultimate boundedness, and precise thresholds for the stochastic persistence and extinction. These results illuminate the theoretical mechanisms governing transitions in seed dispersal mutualism across various stable population levels and underscore the insights into how essential biological factors, including animal cooperation efforts and environmental variability, impact the long-term dynamics of seed dispersal mutualism.

Funder

Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

National Natural Science Foundation of China

China Postdoctoral Science Foundation

China Scholarship Council

Publisher

World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd

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