HAWC+, the Far-Infrared Camera and Polarimeter for SOFIA

Author:

Harper Doyal A.12,Runyan Marcus C.3ORCID,Dowell C. Darren3,Wirth C. Jesse2,Amato Michael4,Ames Troy4,Amiri Mandana5,Banks Stuart4,Bartels Arlin4,Benford Dominic J.4,Berthoud Marc2,Buchanan Ernest6,Casey Sean7,Chapman Nicholas L.8,Chuss David T.9,Cook Brant3,Derro Rebecca4,Dotson Jessie L.10,Evans Rhodri11,Fixsen Dale4,Gatley Ian12,Guerra Jordan A.9,Halpern Mark5,Hamilton Ryan T.13,Hamlin Louise A.3,Hansen Christopher J.8,Heimsath Stephen14,Hermida Alfonso15,Hilton Gene C.16,Hirsch Robert2,Hollister Matthew I.17,Hostetter Carl F.4,Irwin Kent18,Jhabvala Christine A.4,Jhabvala Murzban4,Kastner Joel19,Kovács Attila20,Lin Sean3,Loewenstein Robert F.2,Looney Leslie W.21,Lopez-Rodriguez Enrique10,Maher Stephen F.22,Michail Joseph M.23,Miller Timothy M.4,Moseley S. Harvey4,Novak Giles8,Pernic Robert J.2,Rennick Timothy24,Rhody Harvey19,Sandberg Eric25,Sandford Dale26,Santos Fabio Pereira8,Shafer Rick4,Sharp Elmer H.427,Shirron Peter4,Siah Javad9,Silverberg Robert4,Sparr Leroy M.428,Spotz Robert2,Staguhn Johannes G.429,Toorian Armen S.3,Towey Shannon3,Tuttle Jim4,Vaillancourt John1425,Voellmer George30,Volpert Carolyn G.14,Wang Shu-i1431,Wollack Edward J.4

Affiliation:

1. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

2. Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, Williams Bay, WI 53191, USA

3. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA

4. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA

5. Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada

6. Adnet Systems, Inc, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA

7. Silicon Valley Space Center, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA

8. Department of Physics & Astronomy, Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

9. Department of Physics, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA

10. NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

11. University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

12. New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA

13. Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA

14. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA

15. Naglreiter, Miramar, FL 33025, USA

16. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA

17. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

18. Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4060, USA

19. Rochester Institute of Technology, Center for Imaging Science, Rochester, NY 14623, USA

20. SAO (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

21. Laboratory for Astronomical Imaging, Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

22. Science Systems and Applications Inc, Lanham, MD 20706, USA

23. Department of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA

24. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA

25. Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

26. University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA

27. Global Science & Technology Inc. Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA

28. Teltrium Solutions, LLC, Rockville, MD 20852, USA

29. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA

30. Neon Engineering, Sahuarita, AZ 85629, USA

31. Northrop Grumman Corporation, Rolling Meadows, IL 60008, USA

Abstract

High-resolution Airborne Wide-band Camera (HAWC[Formula: see text]) is the facility far-infrared imager and polarimeter for SOFIA, NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy. It is designed to cover the portion of the infrared spectrum that is completely inaccessible to ground-based observatories and which is essential for studies of astronomical sources with temperatures between tens and hundreds of degrees Kelvin. Its ability to make polarimetric measurements of aligned dust grains provides a unique new capability for studying interstellar magnetic fields. HAWC[Formula: see text] began commissioning flights in April 2016 and was accepted as a facility instrument in early 2018. In this paper, we describe the instrument, its operational procedures, and its performance on the observatory.

Publisher

World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt

Subject

Astronomy and Astrophysics,Instrumentation

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