Radio Antenna Design for Sky-Averaged 21cm Cosmology Experiments: The REACH Case

Author:

Cumner J.1ORCID,de Lera Acedo E.12,de Villiers D. I. L.3,Anstey D.1ORCID,Kolitsidas C. I.4,Gurdon B.1,Fagnoni N.1,Alexander P.1,Bernardi G.567,Bevins H. T. J.1,Carey S.1,Cavillot J.8,Chiello R.9,Craeye C.8,Croukamp W.3,Ely J. A.1,Fialkov A.210,Gessey-Jones T.1,Gueuning Q.1,Handley W.12,Hills R.1,Josaitis A. T.1,Kulkarni G.11,Magro A.12,Maiolino R.12,Meerburg P. D.13,Mittal S.11,Pritchard J. R.14,Puchwein E.15,Razavi-Ghods N.1,Roque I. L. V.1,Saxena A.13,Scheutwinkel K. H.1,Shen E.1,Sims P. H.1617,Smirnov O.67,Spinelli M.181920,Zarb-Adami K.912

Affiliation:

1. Cavendish Astrophysics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

2. Kavli Institute for Cosmology in Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

3. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

4. Ericsson AB, Torshamnsgatan 21, 164 40 Kista, Sweden

5. INAF — Istituto di Radio Astronomia, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy

6. Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa

7. South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, Black River Park, 2 Fir Street, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa

8. Antenna Group, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

9. Physics Department, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

10. Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

11. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India

12. Institute of Space Sciences and Astronomy, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

13. Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

14. Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK

15. Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, Potsdam, Germany

16. McGill Space Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada

17. Department of Physics, McGill University, Montréal, Canada

18. INAF — Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste, Italy

19. IFPU — Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Via Beirut 2, 34014 Trieste, Italy

20. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa

Abstract

Following the reported detection of an absorption profile associated with the 21[Formula: see text]cm sky-averaged signal from the Cosmic Dawn by the EDGES experiment in 2018, a number of experiments have been set up to verify this result. This paper discusses the design process used for global 21[Formula: see text]cm experiments, focusing specifically on the Radio Experiment for the Analysis of Cosmic Hydrogen (REACH). This experiment will seek to understand and compensate for systematic errors present using detailed modeling and characterization of the instrumentation. Detailed quantitative figures of merit and numerical modeling are used to assist the design process of the REACH dipole antenna (one of the two antenna designs for REACH Phase I). This design process produced a 2.5:1 frequency bandwidth dipole. The aim of this design was to balance spectral smoothness and low impedance reflections with the ability to describe and understand the antenna response to the sky signal to inform the critically important calibration during observation and data analysis.

Funder

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

Kavli Foundation

Science and Technology Facilities Council

South African Radio Astronomy Observatory

Department of Atomic Energy: India

Publisher

World Scientific Pub Co Pte Ltd

Subject

Astronomy and Astrophysics,Instrumentation

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