1. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Modelling, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
2. Department of Analytics, Marketing, & Operations, Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
3. The Health Foundation, London EC4Y 8AP, United Kingdom;
4. Department of Economics and Public Policy and Centre for Health Economics and Policy Innovation, Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
5. Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Information Management and Engineering, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China;
6. Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden