1. Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902;
2. Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
3. Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
4. Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Healthcare Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905