Hatching of whipworm eggs induced by bacterial contact is serine-protease dependent

Abstract

AbstractWhipworms (Trichurisspp) are ubiquitous parasites of humans and domestic and wild mammals that cause chronic disease, considerably impacting human and animal health. Egg hatching is a critical phase in the whipworm life cycle that marks the initiation of infection, with newly hatched larvae rapidly migrating to and invading host intestinal epithelial cells. Hatching is triggered by the host microbiota; however, the physical and chemical interactions between bacteria and whipworm eggs, as well as the bacterial and larval responses that result in the disintegration of the polar plug and larval eclosion, are not completely understood. Here, we examined hatching in the murine whipworm,Trichuris muris,and investigated the role of specific bacterial and larval structures and molecules in this process. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, we characterised the physical interactions of both fimbriated (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimuriumandPseudomonas aeruginosa) and non-fimbriated (Staphylococcus aureus)bacteria with the egg polar plugs during the induction/initiation stage and visualised the process of degradation of the polar plugs that leads to larval eclosion. Further, we found that protease inhibitors blocked whipworm hatching induced by both fimbriated and non-fimbriated bacteria in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the partial involvement of bacterial enzymes in this process. In addition, we identified the minimal egg developmental timing required for whipworm hatching, and transcriptomic analysis ofT. muriseggs through embryonation revealed the specific upregulation of serine proteases (S01A family) in fully embryonated eggs containing ‘hatch-ready’ L1 larvae. Finally, we demonstrated that inhibition of serine proteases with the serine-protease inhibitor Pefabloc ablatedT. murisegg hatching induced by bacteria. Collectively, our findings unravel the temporal and physicochemical bacterial-egg interactions leading to whipworm hatching and indicate serine proteases of both bacterial and larval origin mediate these processes.Author summaryHuman whipworms are parasites that cause the gastrointestinal disease trichuriasis in millions of people around the world. Infections occur when whipworm eggs, ingested in contaminated food and water, hatch in the intestine in response to gut bacteria (microbiota). The egg encloses a larva within an egg-shell and has a plug at each end. Hatching liberates the larva that burrows inside the cells that line the gut. Interactions between the microbiota of the gut and whipworm eggs are needed for hatching but are poorly understood. In this study, using the natural mouse whipworm as an infection model, we show that bacteria bind the whipworm egg plugs during the initial stages of hatching, resulting in their degradation and leading to larval exit. We further show that disintegration of the egg plugs is caused by protein-degrading enzymes produced by the bacteria and the larvae. The production of those enzymes by the parasite is dependent on the full development of the larva inside the whipworm egg. These new mechanistic insights pave the way for future studies to understand human whipworm infection and develop new tools to tackle these globally important parasites.