Specific redox and iron homeostasis responses in the root tip of Arabidopsis upon zinc excess

Abstract

SummaryZinc (Zn) excess negatively impacts primary root growth in Arabidopsis. Yet, the effects of Zn excess on specific growth processes in the root tip remain largely unexplored.Transcriptomics, ionomics and metabolomics were used to examine the specific impact of Zn excess on the root tip (RT) compared to the remaining root (RR).Zn excess exposure resulted in shortened root apical meristem and elongation zone, with differentiation initiating closer to the tip of the root. Zn accumulated at a lower concentration in the RT than in RR. This pattern was associated with lower expression of Zn homeostasis and Fe deficiency response genes.A distinct distribution of Zn and Fe in RT and RR was highlighted by Laser Ablation ICP-MS analysis.Specialized Trp-derived metabolism genes, typically associated with redox and biotic stress responses, were specifically up-regulated in the RT upon Zn excess, among thosePhytoalexin Deficient 3(PAD3) encoding the last enzyme of camalexin synthesis. In roots of wild-type seedlings, camalexin concentration increased by 6-fold upon Zn excess and apad3mutant displayed increased Zn sensitivity and an altered ionome.Our results indicate that distinct redox and iron homeostasis mechanisms are key elements of the response to Zn excess in the RT.