Quantitative analysis of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate for elucidating the formation mechanism of calcium oxalate kidney stones

Abstract

AbstractWe aimed to identify and quantitatively analyze calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones on the order of micrometers, with a focus on the quantitative identification of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and microfocus X-ray CT measurements (micro-CT) were performed, and the results were compared. The extended analysis method of the FTIR spectrum, focusing on the 780 cm−1peak, made it possible to achieve a reliable analysis of the COM/COD ratio. We succeeded in the quantitative analysis of COM/COD in the region of 50 × 50 μm by microscopic FTIR for thin sections of kidney stones, and by the micro-CT for bulk samples. The extended analysis method of the FTIR spectrum focusing on the 780 cm−1peak was introduced to analyze the COM/COD ratio. The analysis results based on PXRD measurement with micro sampling, microscopic FTIR analysis of a thin section, and micro-CT observation of a bulk sample of a kidney stone showed roughly consistent results, indicating that all methods can be used complementarily. This quantitative analysis method evaluates the detailed CaOx composition on the preserved stone surface and provides information on the stone formation processes and interactions with organic molecules.