Class IIa HDACs inhibit cell death pathways and protect muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity

Abstract

ABSTRACTLipotoxicity, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues, alters the metabolic transcriptome and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle. The mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. Here we show that lipotoxicity increased histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which reduced the expression of metabolic genes and oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. This metabolic reprogramming was linked with reduced expression of p53 pathway genes that mediate apoptosis and ferroptosis, as well as preserved muscle cell viability in response to lipotoxicity. Mechanistically, increased HDAC4 and 5 decreased acetylation of p53 at K120, a modification required for transcriptional activation of apoptosis, while metabolically sensitive redox drivers of ferroptosis were also reduced. Overexpression of loss-of-function HDAC4 and HDAC5 mutants in skeletal muscle of obesedb/dbmice enhanced oxidative capacity, increased apoptosis and ferroptosis and reduced muscle mass. This study identifies HDAC4 and HDAC5 as repressors of the oxidative state of skeletal muscle, which is linked to inhibition of cell death pathways and preservation of muscle integrity in response to lipotoxicity.