Polynuclear ruthenium amines inhibit K2P channels via a ‘finger in the dam’ mechanism

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe trinuclear ruthenium amine Ruthenium Red (RuR) inhibits diverse ion channels including K2P potassium channels, TRPs, the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, CALHMs, ryanodine receptors, and Piezos. Despite this extraordinary array, there is very limited information for how RuR engages its targets. Here, using X-ray crystallographic and electrophysiological studies of an RuR-sensitive K2P, K2P2.1 (TREK-1) I110D, we show that RuR acts by binding an acidic residue pair comprising the ‘Keystone inhibitor site’ under the K2P CAP domain archway above the channel pore. We further establish that Ru360, a dinuclear ruthenium amine not known to affect K2Ps, inhibits RuR-sensitive K2Ps using the same mechanism. Structural knowledge enabled a generalizable RuR ‘super-responder’ design strategy for creating K2Ps having nanomolar sensitivity. Together, the data define a ‘finger in the dam’ inhibition mechanism acting at a novel K2P inhibitor binding site. These findings highlight the polysite nature of K2P pharmacology and provide a new framework for K2P inhibitor development.