Nucleosome scaffolding by Brd4 tandem bromodomains in acetylation-dependent chromatin compartmentalization

Abstract

Bromodomain binding of acetyl-lysine residues is a crucial step in many epigenetic mechanisms governing transcription. Nearly half of human bromodomains exist in tandem with at least one other bromodomain on a single protein. The Bromodomain and ExtraTerminal domain (BET) familyof proteins (BrdT, Brd2, Brd3 and Brd4) each encode two bromodomains at theirN-termini and are important regulators of acetylation-dependent transcription in homeostasis and disease. Previous efforts have focused on identifying protein acetylation sites bound by individual bromodomains. However, the mechanisms through which tandem bromodomains act cooperatively on chromatin are largely unknown. Here, we first used small angle x-ray scattering combined with Rosettaab initiomodeling to explore conformational space available to BET tandem bromodomains. For Brd4, the flexible tandem bromodomain linker allows for distances between the two acetyl-lysine binding sites ranging from 15 to 157 Å. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay, we show a clear distance dependence for Brd4 tandem bromodomain bivalent binding of multiply acetylated histone H4 peptides. However, isothermal titration calorimetry studies revealed Brd4 binding affinity toward multiply acetylated peptides does not correlate with the potential for bivalent binding. We used sucrose gradient assays to provide direct evidencein vitrothat Brd4 tandem bromodomains can simultaneously bind and scaffold multiple acetylated nucleosomes. Intriguingly, our bioinformatic analysis of deposited chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data indicates that Brd4 colocalizes with subsets of histone acetyl-lysine sites across transcriptionally active chromatin compartments. These findings support our hypothesis that scaffolding of acetylated nucleosomes by Brd4 tandem bromodomains contributes to higher-order chromatin architecture.