The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 spike G446S potentiates HLA-A*24:02-restricted T cell immunity

Abstract

AbstractAlthough the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is resistant to neutralizing antibodies, it retains susceptibility to cellular immunity. Here, we characterized vaccine-induced T cells specific for various SARS-CoV-2 variants and identified HLA-A*24:02-restricted CD8+ T cells that strongly suppressed Omicron BA.1 replication. Mutagenesis analyses revealed that a G446S mutation, located just outside the N-terminus of the cognate epitope, augmented TCR recognition of this variant. In contrast, no enhanced suppression of replication was observed against cells infected with the prototype, Omicron BA.2, and Delta variants that express G446. The enhancing effect of the G446S mutation was lost when target cells were treated with inhibitors of tripeptidyl peptidase II, a protein that mediates antigen processing. These results demonstrate that the G446S mutation in the Omicron BA.1 variant affects antigen processing/presentation and potentiates antiviral activity by vaccine-induced T cells, leading to enhanced T cell immunity towards emerging variants.