The impact of education inequality on rheumatoid arthritis risk is mediated by smoking and body mass index: mendelian randomization study

Abstract

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the causal relationship between educational attainment – as a proxy for socioeconomic inequality – and risk of RA and quantify the roles of cigarette smoking and body mass index (BMI) as potential mediators.MethodsUsing the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study of genetically predicted educational attainment (instrumented using 1265 variants from 766,345 individuals) and RA (14,361 cases, 43,923 controls). We used two-step MR to quantify the proportion of education’s effect on RA mediated by smoking exposure (as a composite index capturing duration, heaviness and cessation, using 124 variants from 462,690 individuals) and BMI (517 variants, 681,275 individuals), and multivariable MR to estimate proportion mediated by both factors combined.ResultsEach standard deviation (SD) increase in educational attainment (4.2 years of schooling) was protective of RA (OR 0.37; 95%CI 0.31, 0.44). Higher educational attainment was also protective for smoking exposure (β= -0.25 SD; 95%CI -0.26, -0.23) and BMI (β= -0.27 SD (∼1.3kg/m2); 95%CI -0.31, - 0.24). Smoking mediated 24% (95%CI 13%, 35%) and BMI 17% (95%CI 11%, 23%) of the total effect of education on RA. Combined, the two risk factors explained 47% (95%CI 11%, 82%) of the total effect.ConclusionHigher educational attainment has a protective effect on RA risk. Interventions to reduce smoking and excess adiposity at a population level may reduce this risk, but a large proportion of education’s effect on RA remains unexplained. Further research into other risk factors that act as potentially modifiable mediators are required.Key messagesGenetically predicted higher educational attainment – as a proxy for socioeconomic position – is protective for RA.24% of this effect was mediated by smoking behaviour and 17% by body mass index.Efforts to reduce smoking and excess adiposity would help mitigate against socioeconomic inequalities in RA