The preeminent role of directional selection in generating extreme morphological change in Glyptodonts (Cingulata; Xenarthra)

Abstract

The prevalence of stasis on macroevolution has been classically taken as evidence of the strong role of stabilizing selection in constraining morphological evolution. Rates of evolution calculated over longer time scales tend to fall below the expected under genetic drift, suggesting that the signal for directional selection is erased at longer time scales. Here we investigated the rates of morphological evolution of the skull in a fossil lineage that underwent extreme morphological modification, the glyptodonts. Contrary to what was expected, we show here that directional selection was the main process during the evolution of glyptodonts. Furthermore, the reconstruction of selection patterns shows that traits selected to generate a glyptodont morphology are markedly different from those operating on extant armadillos. Changes in both direction and magnitude of selection are probably tied to glyptodonts’ invasion of a specialist-herbivore adaptive zone. These results suggest that directional selection might have played a more important role in the evolution of extreme morphologies than previously imagined.