A shift in the host web occupancy of dew-drop spiders associated with genetic divergence in the Southwest Pacific

Abstract

ABSTRACTAimWe assessed the population genetic structure of the kleptoparasitic spiderArgyrodes bonadeaacross the Southwestern Pacific islands. Our focus is on assessing the impact of overseas distances and, in particular, the Kerama gap, as potential drivers of genetic differentiation. We found that the spider kleptoparasite’s switch to a specific host species is associated with significant genetic variation at fine scales, whereas the same species adoption of a generalist host strategy has likely facilitated its broad dispersal, colonization, and recent range expansion across the southwestern Pacific, and is associated with a lack of geographically– structured genetic variation in these latter, subsequently-colonized landmasses.LocationSouthwestern Pacific IslandsTaxonArgyrodes bonadeaMethodsWe used mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase 1 (CO1) gene sequences, and Restriction Site-associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) for our analyses.ResultsTwo strongly supported lineages, an Amami-Okinawa Lineage (AOL) and an Austral-Asia Lineage (AAL) correspond to two separate clades, roughly divided by the Kerama Gap, in phylogenetic trees estimated here. However, species delimitation led to the interpretation of only a single species present. The AOL exhibits complex, geographically-structured host web spider species specificity, wherein the Amami population utilizesCyrtophora, but AOL samples in Okinawa associates exclusively withNephila—and yet all broadly distributed AAL populations show no evidence of host web spider species specificity.Main conclusionThe population boundary between AOL and AAL likely results from local adaptation to novel hosts—instead of isolation by the Kerama Gap—following long-distance dispersal and range expansion. Our results suggest kleptoparasitic spiders have the capacity to overcome permanent deep-sea barriers and colonize distant landmasses. Whereas peripheral populations (AOL) demonstrate the capacity for specialization to a single host, which may have contributed to genetic differentiation and isolation, the broadly-distributed AAL persists and has successfully expanded its geographical range as a host generalist, which may contribute to ongoing gene flow inferred in this study.