Educational Mobility, the Pace of Biological Aging, and Lifespan in the Framingham Heart Study

Abstract

AbstractImportancePeople who complete more education live longer lives with better health. New evidence suggests that these benefits operate through a slowed pace of biological aging. If so, measurements of the pace biological aging could offer intermediate endpoints for studies of how interventions to promote education will impact healthy longevity.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that upward educational mobility contributes to a slower pace of biological aging and increased longevity.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingWe analyzed data from three generations of participants in the Framingham Heart Study: the Original cohort, enrolled beginning in 1948, the Offspring cohort, enrolled beginning in 1971, and the Gen3 cohort, enrolled beginning in 2002. Follow-up is on-going. Data analysis was conducted during 2022-2023 using data obtained from dbGaP (phs000007.v33).ParticipantsWe constructed a three-generation database to quantify intergenerational educational mobility. We linked mobility data with blood DNA methylation data collected from the Offspring cohort in (2005-2008) (n=1,652) and the Gen3 cohort in 2009-2011 (n=1,449). These n=3,101 participants formed our analysis sample.ExposureWe measured educational mobility by comparing participants’ educational outcomes with those of their parents.OutcomesWe measured the pace of biological aging from whole-blood DNA-methylation data using the DunedinPACE epigenetic clock. For comparison purposes, we repeated analysis using four other epigenetic clocks. Survival follow-up was conducted through 2019.ResultsParticipants who were upwardly mobile in educational terms tended to have slower DunedinPACE in later life (r=-0.18, 95% CI [-0.23,-0.13], p<0.001). This pattern of association was similar across generations and held in within-family sibling comparisons. 402 Offspring-cohort participants died over the follow-up period. Upward educational mobility was associated with lower mortality risk (HR=0.89, 95% CI [0.81,0.98] p=0.014). Slower DunedinPACE accounted for roughly half of this association.Conclusions and RelevanceOur findings support the hypothesis that interventions to promote educational attainment will slow the pace of biological aging and promote longevity. Epigenetic clocks, like DunedinPACE, have potential as near-term outcome measures of intervention effects on healthy aging. Experimental evidence is needed to confirm findings.